Indeed, the vulnerabilities and the resilience capacities of food supply chains are largely shaped by their structural characteristics and product attributes, with supply chains relying on SMAEs experiencing shocks differently from those dominated by large-scale enterprises. Assessing a farms sustainability: insights from resilience thinking. Nature-based solutions in agriculture: Project design for securing investment. But she enrolled in analternative learning programme for out-of-school adolescents, and through an apprenticeship, was trained in mobile phone repair. And you dont really want to talk about it.. Girls empowerment. The colour coding from dark to light green illustrates the importance of each pillar in determining the resilience of agricultural households, the darkest being the most important, the lightest the least important. Resilience should be a policy objective, not just a tool to achieve other objectives. To meet the challenge of policy coherence and coordination in building resilience, all sectors and layers of government institutions must be involved. To overcome the lack of systematic data, FAO and a large number of partners have developed the tool for agroecology performance evaluation (TAPE), an innovative framework that consolidates global evidence on how agroecology supports the transformation to more sustainable and resilient agrifood systems.39 Resilience is one of the elements explicitly measured, using the following descriptive scales: overall diversification of the production system diversity of crops, animals, trees and economic activities; economic resilience stability of production and income and the capacity to recover from disturbances; social resilience social mechanisms to reduce vulnerability; and. 42. et al. The DSFI thus measures flexibility in sourcing a specific food unit. However, economic inclusion requires a more long-term and holistic approach, with gradual interventions to provide intensive support for a certain period with the objective of graduating progressively to sustainable livelihoods. 6232 34 Rome. Covering more than 150 countries, the indicators do not capture, however, the level of exposure and vulnerability to disruptions of each pathway in each country. Planning and investments are needed to ensure resilience of food supply chains with all their five main capacities: to prevent, anticipate, absorb, adapt and transform in the face of shocks and stresses. 2, 9, 1 September 2014, pp. This will include components such as agroclimatic monitoring, disaster and crisis risk and vulnerability assessments (including pests and diseases), and agricultural damage and loss data.3032 To enhance risk- and crisis-informed decision-making, governments at various levels, in coordination with academia, research centres and the private sector, should make these data available for analysis throughout agrifood systems.33 An early warning system combines monitoring and risk assessments with communication and preparedness systems and processes that enable anticipatory action to mitigate the effects of disasters and crises.34 Publicprivate partnership is essential to put in place early warning systems to cope with multiple hazards occurring simultaneously or cumulatively over time, as well as any potential cascading impacts. Highlights The global disruption to education caused by the COVD-19 pandemic is without parallel and the effects on learning are severe. Rural households that engage in diverse and multiple activities are generally better able to cope with, and recover from, stresses and shocks. Longer supply chains of perishables make food safety an urgent issue, as quality standards are often difficult to enforce. Policy focus and the investments required will depend on where a country sits on this spectrum. An obvious reason to address these fragilities is, of course, the unwelcome increase in food insecurity and malnutrition. Over the last four years, UNICEF has substantially increased investment in resources, leadership, capacity and accountability to achieve meaningful results for women and girls. Informality also makes many actors in traditional chains invisible in national statistics, which means the impacts of shocks may go unrecorded, while crucial social protection programmes remain out of reach.32 Although there are no official statistics on the degree of business informality in food supply chains, some estimates suggest it can be a serious challenge in low-income countries, where it is estimated that about 90 percent of food supply chain actors, including primary producers, operate informally. Landscape of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases in China: impact of ecology, climate, and behavior. Linking social protection with agricultural development is, therefore, a potentially powerful means of breaking the cycle of rural poverty.54. Enhancing data collection and measuring capability will then be key to complete the set of indicators proposed in this report. Modern supply chains have emerged, albeit unevenly, in low-income regions over the past three decades. UNICEF also continued to expand support for caregivers mental health and well-being, not only as an essential part of the continuum of quality care, but also as an opportunity for transformative interventions such as promoting equitable parenting and male involvement in childcare that address the root causes of gender inequalities. FAO and International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD). The study highlights the reduced capacity to rely on both financial assets and physical assets (e.g. Building resilience to weather shock through social protection: evidence from the implementation of PSNP public work programme in Ethiopia. (also available at http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/cb4474en). 38. Rome, FAO. Modern chains, which supply large urban populations mainly with horticultural and animal products, are dominated by multinationals in their midstream and downstream segments. In this report, the analysis of the transport network resilience can be taken as a proxy for the broader concept of midstream resilience. The report analyses the absorptive capacity of agrifood systems at the national level using a series of indicators linked to four key systems' functions, that is, to ensure: (i) robust primary production; (ii) availability of food; (iii) physical access to food; and (iv) economic access to food. 2017. 54. 68. On 26 January 2021, on the occasion of the World Economic Forum in Davos, OECD Secretary-General Angel Gurra described the challenges surrounding global access to vaccines against COVID-19 as the greatest test for mankind as a whole and for OECD countries in particular. Rome, FAO. More attention must also be given to investments in public goods that reduce risks, such as irrigation and drainage systems and high-yielding, resistant crop varieties. It is key to reducing the adverse impacts of climate-related hazards, such as drought, floods and storms. Across countries, the risk of dying in the first month of life was about 56 times higher in the highest mortality country than in the lowest mortality country. DESCRIPTION, DATA AND METHODOLOGY OF THE INDICATORS IN CHAPTER 2. However, this diet also called cheapest healthy diet is still largely unaffordable to approximately 3 billion people. The non-food agriculture sector is an important source of livelihoods for primary producers. Averting risks to the food chain: A compendium of proven emergency prevention methods and tools. Yi, J., Meemken, E.-M., Mazariegos-Anastassiou, V., Liu, J., Kim, E., Gmez, M.I., Canning, P. & Barrett, C.B. 2021. Bangkok, FAO. Food supply chains, whose effectiveness, resilience and capacity ranging from local to global level depend on the agrifood market structure and are influenced by network infrastructure and logistics. 2020. This report highlights the achievements made possible by the generous contributions of softly earmarked thematic funding received from various partners. (also available at http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/cb2991fr). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Framework for analysing impacts of globalization on smallholders. 53. 2017. As for the PPFI and DSFI, information entropy can be used to measure this uncertainty. I was being bullied by my friends Once I felt hurt and I got disappointed, it really made me feel indifferent towards them.. 3. In: FAO [online]. The Logistics Centre is a centralized procurement, storage and quality control facility; it has a capacity of 250 tonnes and a warehouse area of 270 m2. download. Improvements in risk management and early warning capacities. Processes, 7(1): 36. FAOSTAT. Due to the range of market failures involving risk-sharing tools, agricultural households employ other strategies to manage the multiple challenges they face. FAOSTAT. FAOSTATs production data were converted from mass to value and protein (tonnes) using producer prices and product-, country- and year-specific protein conversion factors (based on FAOSTATs food balance sheets), respectively. Over time, its different contributions may interact (e.g. Life in Lockdown: Child and adolescent mental health and well-being in the time of COVID-19, Strengthen and equip multiple systems and workforces to meet complex challenges. The same study finds that the combined impact of extreme weather events and poor infrastructure caused a 17 percent drop in food consumption.3 Even in countries that are not low-income, shocks can have a major impact on livelihoods. For net buyer households, policies need to enhance and guarantee their purchasing power and facilitate diversification of sources of income and livelihoods. At farm level, agricultural households respond to the unpredictable interplay between natural, technological and social factors by reconfiguring and using available resources in novel ways.28 This process helps them navigate foreseen and unforeseen change,28 strengthening their capacity to prevent, anticipate, absorb, adapt and transform. 67 pp. However, these assessments shed light on the enormous challenges that governments and international agencies face to scale up these interventions to the level of national agrifood systems. It analyses one of the five main resilience capacities: that of agrifood systems to absorb any disturbance that affects them, from natural hazards to pests to financial shocks, using the multiple pathways that protect food security and sustain the livelihoods of agrifood systems actors. in the UN-SWAP the United Nations gender equality scorecard were met compared to 76 per cent in 2018, were attended by skilled personnel in 2021, surpassing the overall target of 79 per cent, accessed early learning, primary or secondary education through UNICEF-supported programmes versus 8.4 million in 2019, across 97 countries benefited from support on positive, nurturing care, almost four times more than in 2017. were reached with WASH-in-schools services (including gender-segregated, child-friendly and accessible WASH facilities). & Wamukoya, G. 2014. 533 pp. To avoid implementing restrictions that hurt its agrifood systems actors, policymakers must understand how agrifood systems function and how their actors interact. New York. In: The World Bank [online]. Paris. Promises and challenges of the informal food sector in developing countries. Policymakers should acknowledge the heterogeneity of farms and businesses along the urbanrural continuum and address vulnerabilities at different scales. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) is the basis of all of UNICEFs work. A shock to any part of these interconnected supply chains can have negative impacts on the performance of the food supply chain. (also available at http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/cb3095en/). Examples of relevance for agrifood systems include spare inventory capacity at the firm level, alternative transport routes between stages or backup infrastructure at supply chain level and strategic food stocks at national level. Because it is unlikely that all pathways in a country are readily available during disruptions, the risk-adjusted set of indicators will be lower than the values presented in this report. FAO. The producers were able to increase their sales price by more than 80 percent. Nature-based solutions in agriculture: Sustainable management and conservation of land, water and biodiversity. Diversification can thus be a strong resilience tool providing sizeable benefits when a shock occurs. Mottet, A., Bicksler, A., Lucantoni, D., De Rosa, F., Scherf, B., Scopel, E., Lpez-Ridaura, S. et al. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security. Lyson, T.A., Stevenson, G.W. The level of agrifood systems resilience is a crucial determinant of adequate and stable access to food. Throughout history, agrifood systems have not been exempt from harm caused by different shocks and stresses. https://www.iucn.org/commissions/commission-ecosystem-management/our-work/nature-based-solutions. Even before the pandemic, psychosocial distress and poor mental health afflicted far too many children. International Journal for Quality Research, 14: 291302. Similarly, a food supply chain may be resilient, but not inclusive, if the enhanced resilience excludes vulnerable, small-scale agricultural producers. Countries with higher DSFI values for overall kilocalories than for tonnes of fruits and vegetables, such as China, Ethiopia and Uganda, probably have greater absorptive capacity for shocks affecting staple foods than for shocks affecting fruits and vegetables. It assessed four dimensions that are key for agrifood systems in dealing with a disturbance: (i) the robustness of primary production; (ii) the availability of food; (iii) physical access to food; and (iv) economic access to food. The mentors work alongside community health providers, engaging with girls and young women at health facilities, and through digital health platforms and home visits. 64 pp. If country-level information is available on the probability that the pathways contributing to these different contributions may fail, then it is possible to define a risk-adjusted DSFI as follows: (2) DSFIrisk = (1pimp)DSFI(imports)+(1pdom) DSFI (domestic production)+(1-pstock)DSFI(stocks). 2018. & Raju, D. 2020. 2015. Risk factors for human disease emergence. High-income countries with open trade policies, such as Australia, or part of large trading blocs like the European Union, have some of the highest PPFI values (see green oval in Figure 3), combining diversity of domestic and export markets. [Cited 12 July 2021]. Broader policies aimed at promoting gender equality and womens inclusion will have significant impacts on resilience at household level and more broadly within agrifood systems, thanks to the increased participation of women in all sectors of agrifood systems. Service supply chains include actors and activities for movement of inputs, outputs and factors such as transport and storage operators, connecting production to consumption. FAO. (also available at https://www.preventionweb.net/files/43291_sendaiframeworkfordrren.pdf). Knox, A.J., Bressers, H., Mohlakoana, N. & De Groot, J. Mapping diversity of species in global aquaculture. The contribution of domestic demand has also increased for virtually every country. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04942-0. (also available at http://www.fao.org/3/a1124e/a1124e00.pdf). Bn, C., Wood, R.G., Newsham, A. Alternatively, these probabilities can be interpreted as the proportion of a contribution to diversity that cannot be relied upon. 32. Read more:The Mother and Early Childhood Grant: first cash transfer to beneficiaries under the initiative kicked off in Attapeu. & Colwell, R.R. To address ongoing disruptions to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services in 2021, UNICEF supported service-delivery and government systems-strengthening across more than 100 countries. Food supply chain businesses can diversify their logistics to avoid shocks such as the closure of ports and hurricane damage to transit areas. [Cited 12 July 2021]. This diet is considerably cheaper because it does not provide all the essential nutrients of a healthy diet; yet, many cannot afford it or are at risk of not being able to afford it. Impacts of COVID-19 on peoples food security: Foundations for a more resilient food system. The energy sector is a clear example: a shock that stops oil freighter traffic can reduce fuel supply and bring food supply chain operations to a grinding halt. 23. [Cited 12 July 2021]. Urbanization and greater affluence are shifting diets in many low-income and middle-income countries towards increased consumption of more resource-intensive animal source and processed food.17 If those trends continue, by 2030, diet-related health costs linked to non-communicable diseases will exceed USD 1.3 trillion a year, while the annual cost of associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions will exceed USD 1.7 trillion.7. Rome, FAO. The advisory group met virtually to discuss the research on 26 January 2021 and commented on the first draft of Chapter 1 in February 2021. A participatory and inclusive process may help engage systems actors in a more coordinated response to shocks and stresses.1. 211 pp. For this reason, given the central role of agriculture in reducing poverty and ensuring food security and nutrition, the focus of the chapter extends also to agricultural households in rural areas (see Glossary). The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) is the basis of all of UNICEFs work. The solutions can be grouped into three main categories: institutional solutions, technical solutions and cross-cutting policy interventions. Environmental Management and Sustainable Development, 2(2): 21647682. 33. 2018. UNICEF assisted governments to support families to better care for their children, including through family-friendly policies like parental leave; quality childcare; and child benefits. The unemployment rate in the OECD area fell for the sixth consecutive month to 5.7% in October 2021, from 5.8% in September but at a slower pace than in previous months. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 66(3): 753780. 5. These results can deliver a more comprehensive picture of the resilience of national food systems, indicating that the DSFI and buffering capacity of household incomes are complementary measures of absorptive capacity. Climate change: Unpacking the burden on food safety. Social factors, including trust and cooperation, as well as household composition and types of production, scored highly as drivers of resilience. Carrasco Azzini, G. 2020. Sustainability, 13(3): 1325. 49. The macro dimensions of food security: economic growth, equitable distribution, and food price stability. Border closures and curfews to contain the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus stopped international travel, shut down countless businesses and left millions of people unemployed. Connecting to international trade is one of several strategies that distribution networks use to buffer against agrifood systems disruptions caused by domestic production failure or domestic variability in food supply. As they lack labour contracts or access to unemployment insurance and rely on day-to-day work that cannot be carried out from home, these workers are especially vulnerable to income fluctuations following shocks, such as with the COVID-19 pandemic.41. 50. [Cited 7 April 2021]. This resilience is necessary not only for safeguarding and enhancing the livelihoods of farmers and businesses, but also for ensuring the physical availability of food to all. Washington, DC. There is concern that diversification is less efficient than specialization and optimization (e.g. In Ethiopia, for example, the Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) focuses on chronically food-insecure households, providing cash or food transfers on a predictable basis for five years, along with financial and technical support. FAO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. Their financial strength enables them to buffer against shocks for long periods. Reardon, T. & Zilberman, D. 2021. The BEFS analytical framework. Social networks are crucial for resilience of poor households, providing access to informal credit and saving mechanisms to help face emergencies and shocks. Hernandez Lagana, M. & Savino, L. 2018. 2015. 34. As seen in the PPFI results, unsurprisingly, low-income countries, such as in sub-Saharan Africa, are among those with the lowest import diversity (see Box 6 for a comparison between the DSFI and PPFI methodology and results), partly explained by limited trading of some staples, such as millet, sorghum and fonio. Rome. Diversifying sources of inputs and distribution networks also has the potential to improve the availability of food when disruptions occur. Annual Report ; Humanitarian Action for Children ; Publications by topic ; Data . Building food supply chain resilience among agrifood businesses poses dilemmas in the design of policies and interventions. FAO. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (also available at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9780813814346.ch16). Input supply chains provide variable inputs, such as seed, fertilizer, fuel and labour, and quasi-fixed inputs, such as farm machinery, milling machines and coolers for perishables. (also available at www.fao.org/3/I8429EN/i8429en.pdf). Third-party materials. 151 pp. (also available at http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/cb3673en). Country logistics also play a fundamental role in ensuring physical access to food and producing non-food agricultural output. For example, during the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease) crisis, which provoked a massive consumer shift towards chicken and pork in various high-income countries, beef businesses in the United States of America that could show traceable supply chains and differentiate their beef products had better chances of survival.41 During the COVID-19 pandemic, phytosanitary institutions in South Africa, in collaboration with the private sector, were crucial in the citrus industrys response to the sudden additional biosecurity requirements of their main market in Europe.42 Managerial capacity was also important during the pandemic for a rapid shift to e-commerce and digital tools to diversify market outlets.17 Digital infrastructure, technology research and development, and a business enabling environment are also key areas for support. 18. 71. Resilience of what? Beneficiaries receive monthly funds via a computerized system to ensure accurate targeting and timely payments; as well as routine visits by health workers to help them access essential services. For these reasons, the share of production diversity in the DSFI and the total value of the PPFI differ. 2018. National agrifood systems, aggregating all subsystems economic, social and environmental including the full range of actors, networks and food supply chains that contribute to food security and nutrition and impact on the environment. 43 pp. Rome, FAO. Guaranteeing production, availability and economic access to food will capture part of what makes it resilient. 2014. 2000. Sustainable healthy diets Guiding principles. ENHANCING THE RESILIENCE OF RURAL LIVELIHOODS. Montpellier, France, CGIAR. & Selvaraj, P. 2011. Review of the development of microfinance services for coastal small scale fisheries and aquaculture for South Asia countries (including India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka) with special attention to women. Drivers and stressors of resilience to food insecurity Evidence from 35 countries. When even the cheapest diet is beyond reach for many, increasing incomes of the vulnerable population is critical. Toward a more resilient agriculture. Rome, FAO. A food systems approach to researching food security and its interactions with global environmental change. This is 18 times the number in 2017, and an expansion from 43 countries. In J. Dixon, K. Taniguchi, H. Wattenbach & A. Tanyeri-Arbur, eds. The decisions made by one group of actors have implications for the others. 75 pp. On the other hand, households that are net food consumers practising farming as a part-time activity and relying on employment mainly in the non-farm economy are more prone to shocks such as price spikes that affect their purchasing power. Where agriculture dominates the economy, the development of the rural non-farm economy and other urban sectors is crucial to provide farmers and rural communities with more attractive and diversified income sources. Most social assistance programmes with an agricultural support component involved public procurement schemes, mainly for school feeding programmes and food subsidies. Produced in closed environments, these foods provide various benefits in terms of resilience, namely: reducing exposure to biotic and abiotic risk factors; and providing nutritious foods through decentralized and local food supply chains. His Barcelona football t-shirt has huge tears and his shorts are tied around with a piece of string. Ali, I., Nagalingam, S. & Gurd, B. Regionally, neonatal mortality was highest in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, with the neonatal mortality rate estimated at 27 and 24 deaths per 1,000 live births, respectively, in 2020. As societies develop and transform, they also transform the surrounding environment, the vulnerabilities, embedded risks, and the set of stresses and shocks with which they must deal. (also available at www.fao.org/3/a-i7846e.pdf). Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition and affordable healthy diets for all. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B Biological Sciences, 356(1411): 983989. The worlds agrifood systems comprise a gargantuan global enterprise that each year produces approximately 11 billion tonnes of food1 and a multitude of non-food products, including 32 million tonnes of natural fibres2 and 4 billion m3 of wood.3 The estimated gross value of agricultural output in 2018 was USD 3.5 trillion.4 Primary production alone provides about one-quarter of all employment globally, more than half in sub-Saharan Africa and almost 60 percent in low-income countries.5 Including middle and downstream segments from food storage and processing to transportation, retailing and consumption agrifood systems are the backbone of many economies. In 2008, FAO pioneered the RIMA model, a quantitative approach to a rigorous analysis of how households cope with shocks and stresses. 5. Transitional supply chains are spatially longer, with many small and medium agrifood enterprises (SMAEs) handling midstream processing and distribution.
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