This is the same reason why humans have a tailbone, but no tail. Ostriches cannot fly because, like all ratites, they do not have the keel portion of the sternum (also known as the breastbone). (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Recycled Egg Cartons Craft Ideas for Kids, Easy Butterfly Crafts for Kids Catch the Flying Butterfly. And, of course, the Ostrich is larger than flying birds. A blue whale's daily intake of microplastics weighs as much as a small person. Ostriches are flightless birds but possess wings due to inheritance. These include penguins, steamer ducks, takahes, kakapos (also known as owl parrots), and several others. It has a long, elegant stride that helps it to make quick, efficient work of any distance. Its the ostriches! Their massive weight are too heavy for the weak and tiny wings to support their weight which resulted in them not being able to fly. Simply put, ostriches lack a very fundamental part of the sternum - the breastbone. Many think that the main reason as to why ostriches cannot fly is because of their massive weight; this is true. Continue with Recommended Cookies. In large part, this is due to the enormous weight of these birds. In fact, there are plenty of creatures (such as lions) who consider an ostrich to be a fine meal these daysthe flightless ostrichs days of being unafraid to have unhappily come to an end. physics explanation. This means the feathers offer no wind resistance for them to get of the ground. In fact, its closest relative was the kiwi. As simple as that, its running and flapping its wings. An ostrich can grow to be up to 9 feet tall. Instead, it is now more widely believed that the changes to regulatory DNA simply turned off the ability for the bird to fly its somewhat of a use it or lose it hypothesis. Do you know whom are we talking about? "So the extinction of the dinosaurs likely lifted predation pressures that had previously selected for flight and its necessary constraint, small size," Philips said. When dinosaurs ruled the world, their large body size, accompanied with rapid mating techniques, took up most of the space of their environment. Unlike most birds, their flat breastbones lack the keel that anchors the strong pectoral muscles required for flight. We try to help farmers better understand their animals; however, the content on this blog is not a substitute for veterinary guidance. Its the same reason why . 16 Oct. 2011. Genetic analysis in 2008 suggested that all these flightless birds actually shared a common flying ancestor. many think that the main reason as to why ostriches cannot fly is because of their massive weight; this is true. Why can't penguins and ostriches fly. By doing craftwork our creativity increases. Instead of being able to fly, these birds of prey have developed equally strong pair of feet, which essentially help them to run at a top notch speed, away from any impending danger. If An Ostrich Cant Fly, Why Does It Have Wings? In fact, its closest relative was the kiwi. The females are somewhat smaller. This growth in size and flightlessness enabled birds to fill some of the same niches their reptilian cousins once did. Well, although the bird cannot fly in its heavy weighed body, the wings are still beneficial to them as they are required by the bird in order to keep their body balance intact while they run at full speed. The ostrich is the largest living bird on Earth and is one of several species in a group of birds known as ratites. However, one theory is that the largest ancestors of the ratites, including the massive elephant bird, evolved after the dinosaurs went extinct but before most mammals came about. Ostrich eggs are the largest ones: ________, Powerful legs are used to dig mud by the ostrich: _______. We divide the world into ontological categories, and we have certain expectations of things that fall into each category. Charles Q. Choi is a contributing writer for Live Science and Space.com. But I would advise AGAINST riding on ostriches. They also have strongly guarded foot muscles which ensure correct posture and placement of the foot, either while running from danger, or when kicking out its prey. Yet when it comes to understanding why ostriches cant fly, thats a bit less understood. It eats fruits, leaves and seeds. "The constraints we are able to place on linking the losses of flight to the extinction of dinosaurs are highly suggestive, but more precision is required for confirmation," Phillips cautioned. They compensate by being the fastest land bird, they can achieve speeds of 40 mph.. What are some of the other kinds of birds which cant fly? Once an ostrich begins moving, it can move at breakneck speed, giving the appearance that it is gliding through the air while its wings flap. The tail is useless to the human species, but our ancestors (primates) had them. Due to the fact that they faced few predators, they were able to more or less do whatever they liked while remaining as big, flightless birds. However, from the perspective of cognitive science of religion, the fact that an ostrich cannot fly makes it a good example of a minimally counter-intuitive concept. A ostrich definitely is an embodiment of simply no wastage. But they are not the, You dont need to worry about mothers day presents anymore. Regulatory DNA is involved in regulating when and where genes are turned on and off. However, they have evolved the ability to run very quickly with powerful leg muscles, helping them to compensate for their inability to fly. New genetic analyses show that mutations in regulatory DNA caused ratite birds to lose the ability to fly up to five separate times over their evolution, researchers report in the April 5 Science. Flightless birds have very small wing areas compared to those needed to remain aloft. Doesnt this phenomenon resemble the need of wings in an aircraft to keep balance of the flight! This tends to be in countries like South Africa, particularly in the Oudtshoorn area. Ostriches showcase a ______ speed during run. As large as ostriches are, the wings help them to balance when they are running. The chickens that we know today are shorter, have heavy bones and more weight for their body, making it difficult for them to fly. Why Ostriches Cant Fly. LiveScience.com. A long, elegant stride lets it cover territory rapidly and effectively over long distances, regardless of the terrain. These birds use their wings to perform some other functions. The largest and heaviest living bird, the ostrich is flightless and instead is built for running. Thank you for signing up to Live Science. Whale sighting in Australia hints at 'extremely unusual' interspecies adoption. The biggest living bird, an adult male, may grow to be 2.75 meters (about 9 feet) long and weigh more than 150 kilograms (330 pounds), with the neck accounting for about half of its total height. The keel attaches to the stronger pectoral muscles that are typically used for flight. Their findings suggest the ancestors of these ratite lineages each became flightless independently on different land masses some four to six times, at roughly the same time as the mass extinction that killed off dinosaurs about 65 million years ago. After DNA was extracted from a bird that lived on the island of Madagascar a bird named the elephant bird it was closely linked to birds in the ratite bird. 15 Oct. 2011. In the past, scientists believed that all ostriches, along with other ratites, shared one flightless ancestor that lived on a supercontinent called Gondwana back in the Cretaceous period. Therefore, while their wings would be better than nothing at reducing their falling velocity,it would be nothing close to gliding. Another predator of the ostrich is the Egyptian vulture who will prey on the eggs (Hawk Conservancy Trust), but again ostriches have evolved a defense. Live Science is part of Future US Inc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. The reason why it's so important is that this "keel" body part connects to the solid pectoral muscles, which are directly responsible for flying abilities. And as these birds got bigger, they began to lose the ability to fly. This is all done through the ability of regulatory DNA. . In this post, well tell you what you need to know about these large flightless birds. 15 Oct. 2011. There are no known examples of a bird species regaining the ability to fly once its been lost, so dont worry you arent likely to see ostriches suddenly learning how to fly once again. New York, October 16, 2011 at 4:54 pm. However, there are other birds outside of the ratite family that cant fly, either. The keel attaches to the stronger pectoral muscles that are typically used for flight. The population of North African ostriches has declined at a rapid rate and is now classified as Critically Endangered. An ostrich has wings but cannot fly. They have an extremely powerful set of legs, which are required by them especailly at times of their run. The short answer is simply ostriches are to heavy, their bodies arent build for flight and their wings are more for keeping a balance then actual flight. Their wings have 16 primary feathers, 4 alular feathers, and 20-23 secondary feathers. They are known for their massive size, incredible speed, and hefty weight. How Do You Protect Apricot Trees From Squirrels And Birds? They fly, but like quail and grouse, they dwell on the ground. BU Blogs | Bio-aerial Locomotion 2011 Lorena Barba Charles has visited every continent on Earth, drinking rancid yak butter tea in Lhasa, snorkeling with sea lions in the Galapagos and even climbing an iceberg in Antarctica. Unlike other birds who have a minimum of four in each, ostriches on the other hand have clearly lesser than that. So suggests new research into the DNA of the birds. Ostriches can sprint up to 43 mph and can maintain a steady pace of 31 mph (Zoological Society of San Diego 2007)! Overall, this quite the magnificent bird, and although it does not fly anymore, it can run as fast as 60 mph! For one thing, ostriches hold their wings outto help them balance when they run, especially if they suddenly change direction. This would explain why even many years later, Ostriches have retained their wings. But what about other birds? The individual barbules are not inter-locked like a flying bird's feather. And also lot of interesting facts a .more .more Share Animal Facts This loss of knowledge can be contributed to one thing: evolution. The mating display often involved the male sinking slowly to the . Gorilla Trekking Tours. This might seem obvious to you when glancing at an ostrich after all, it has teeny tiny wings and a huge body! An ostrich cannot fly simply because the wings only represent a passed down trait from its previous generation, or may I say previous evolution of species of the bird. Worlds biggest bird! Egyptians helped discover King Tut's tomb. With its powerful legs,. However, this concept of regulatory DNA as well as basic evolutionary science suggests that ostriches may have close relatives that could fly. Many think that the main reason as to why ostriches cannot fly is because of their massive weight; this is true. However, the mass extinction of the dinosaur population also heavily contributes to why the ostrich remains flightless. The ostrich, in contrast to all other living birds, secretes pee in addition to feces in a separate gland. Ostriches are known for their quickness and strength. The penguin, perhaps the most ubiquitous of all these birds, cannot fly because of its body composition. As weve mentioned in this article, ostriches cant fly plain and simple. These birds use their wings to perform some other functions. But don't worry! Technically, no the ostrich as we know it has always been a large, flightless bird. However, real ostriches cannot fly, and despite what it looks like, its not really gliding, either. Despite the fact that they are classified as birds, ostriches are unable to fly due to their lack of flight muscles. Answer (1 of 7): Ostriches has flat breastbone compared to most birds which lacks the keel that anchors the strong pectoral muscle needed for flight. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Farm & Animals is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. And isnt that a scary thought the ostrich or a bird even larger than the ostrich taking to the skies! Now, they're finally being recognized. The Ostrich has a flat sternum that does not have a keel. Allow Necessary Cookies & Continue Learn how your comment data is processed. In certain places, ostrich riding is available and even a common tourist pastime. While they are able to use their wings for balance while running, they lack the strength and power needed to sustain flight. An ostrich typically weighs between 150 and 300 pounds, which is significantly more than most birds. | Disclaimer Why Ostrich Cannot Fly | Why Cant Ostrich Fly | Why Cant Ostriches Fly is explained in this video with full details and other relevant facts.Check out our ot. Unlike other birds, ostriches have long legs and short bodies, which makes it difficult for them to generate the lift needed to take off. 28 Jan. 2010. The animal is known for its rapid quickness. What is the bird Cannot fly? Additionally, their bodies are not built for flight. There are several reasons why an ostrich cannot fly. "Various ideas about hopping between temporary islands and now-sunken micro-continents are no longer necessary the ancestors of all these birds could simply have flown," said researcher Matthew Phillips, an evolutionary biologist at the Australian National University in Canberra. ), Why Cant Ostrich Fly? Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. They can't fly but they can run at the speed of approximately 60 mph. These are the two main reasons why ostriches can't fly. (Explained, 3 Reasons). What is the difference between extinct and endangered species? It is so heavy that its wings cannot support it. With its powerful legs, the ostrich can sprint in short bursts up to 43 mph (70 kph), and can maintain a steady speed of 31 mph (50 kph). Ostriches are flightless birds but possess wings due to inheritance. Males have bold black-and-white coloring that they use to. They dont need to fly, since they run quickly and are extremely aggressive (in fact, some aggressive steamer ducks have been known to get in epic, bloody battles and to kill birds twice their size in these fights!). Did the ancestorRead More Majorevolutionary changes, according to some researchers, occurred because mutations to protein-making genes were tied to this trait or because there were tweaks to more mysterious regulatory DNA. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. In addition to managing the website J&R Pierce Family Farm, she also owns a 22-acre farm, where she raises chickens, sheep, pigs, and grows her own vegetables to sell. The second reason why ostriches cannot fly is due to something known as the keel. (Should I Fear Them? Birds fly with the help of wings. While the ostrich does have a keel (some flightless birds do not), it is far too small for its size. Also, Remember To Read Our Other articles on Ostriches: Can An Ostrich Kill You? As time passed, and evolution began to take its course, the ostrich began to gain in size and adapt to their new life. Live Science is supported by its audience. In birds that can fly, the muscles required for flight attach to this keel. As a result of these limitations, ostriches are unable to fly and must rely on their legs. The Physical Appearance Of The Ostriches? The true epitome of being heavy duty is fulfilled by the feet of the ostrich. These birds use their wings to attract their mates. Their powerful legs help them to kill their predators. Strathy camels (Ostriches) is a gigantic flightless bird found only on Africas open land, and it is the worlds largest bird of prey. posted on October 17, 2011 at 7:35 pm, I wonder if now that the availability of land for ostriches is much less (due to humans), they will start getting smaller and remembering how to fly again , Stephen Deschamps As a result, these colossal ratite birds would have been complete without true predators. 2 Viking swords buried upright might have connected the dead to Odin and Valhalla, The ultimate action-packed science and technology magazine bursting with exciting information about the universe, Engaging articles, amazing illustrations & exclusive interviews, Get a 10 Amazon.co.uk voucher with you subscription, Issues delivered straight to your door or device, Top 10 Useless Limbs (and Other Vestigial Organs), 10 Amazing Things You Didnt Know About Animals. "I was analyzing DNA sequences for some of these ratites and kept coming up with the 'wrong' answers, which I ignored for a while, before doing the analyses more thoroughly and realizing that in fact, the evolutionary history of these birds was not how I and others had imagined it to be," he recalled. Why Ostriches Cant Fly.. Why ostrich cannot fly - 9442. mussu mussu 27.04.2014 Biology Primary School answered Why ostrich cannot fly 2 See answers BECAUSE THEY ARE HEAVY Advertisement He covers all things human origins and astronomy as well as physics, animals and general science topics. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. however, the mass extinction of the dinosaur population also heavily contributes to why the ostrich remains flightless. Bird Study Reveals 10 Things You Didn't Know, Solar storm smashes hole in Earth's magnetosphere, triggering extremely rare pink auroras, Vast tunnel found beneath ancient Egyptian temple, Meta's new AI just predicted the shape of 600 million proteins in 2 weeks. An ostrich egg is said to be the largest of its kind in the entire world! Now, the real reason why chickens cannot fly is because of their bone structure and weight. Their wingspan is about seven feet wide, which actually helps them mate with females as well as provide shade for chicks! document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. The primary reason why an ostrich can't fly actually has to do with their feathers as such. Ostriches cant fly, and for good reason. However, the primary function of the ostrich wing is to maintain its balance while running. All Rights Reserved, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bB10PxYwZo0, Ostrich at fullspeed (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bB10PxYwZo0), How To Make Dried Apricots {Step By Step}. An ostrich cannot fly because ______. Future US, Inc. Full 7th Floor, 130 West 42nd Street, Scientists previously thought that all ostriches, as well as other ratites, descended from a single flightless progenitor who lived on a supercontinent known as Godwin during the Cretaceous era. The mass extinction also is what scientists think allowed the rise of larger mammals. Visit our corporate site (opens in new tab). In the process of answering some of my own animal questions, I thought that I might as well make this knowledge available to you and the rest of the internet. With their long, slender legs, ostriches are the fastest runners of all birds or other two-legged animals, sprinting at speeds of up to 70 kilometers per hour and covering up to 5 meters in a single stride. Copyright 2019-2022. Missing any target is disliked by the ostrich. Unlike the common hollow bones of most birds, ostriches on the other hand have strong and steady bones which assist in movement. This happens primarily because of the huge weight of these birds. Ostrich feathers are soft because they are not needed for flying. They in-fact forgot how to fly. Because of all of this free land, many aerial animals (most importantly birds) began to adjust to land life. Three out of four species of steamer duck are flightless mostly because theyre too heavy to achieve liftoff. Why ostriches can't fly? Just check out this video for proof: Although it can run at top speeds of close to 50 miles per hour, making it seem as though its flying by, its not actually taking to the air. As to why birds might evolve to lose flight, "wings are a big drain on resources if not being used and larger birds are basically better at converting food into growth and reproduction," Phillips told LiveScience. When dinosaurs ruled the world, their large body size, accompanied with rapid mating techniques, took up most of the space of their environment. posted on October 17, 2011 at 9:53 pm. The mass extinction that killed off dinosaurs might have been what grounded the ancestors of today's large flightless birds like the ostrich. However, if youve ever seen an ostrich run, you might be wondering what other capabilities these elegant, massive birds might have. They dont need to fly, since they run quickly and are extremely aggressive (in fact, some aggressive steamer ducks have been known to get into epic, bloody battles and kill birds twice their size in these fights!). An EK131/132 "Introduction to Engineering" module. Being level headed makes their head stay balanced at all times, even during their speedy run, a steady vision which makes them remain alert and keep a vision track of al their enemies and prey. During the time interval t of the upward wingbeat, the ostrich drops a distance h under the action of gravity: h = g ( t) 2 2. Here you know why ostrich can't fly despite having wings. It surely does not mean that ostriches are deprived of any movement. There is only one exception to this group in the tiny species. Please refresh the page and try again. The Arabian ostrich became extinct around 1966 because of the hunting activities carried out in the Middle East. Though they can hop and fly to a short distance. Migratory birds in North America are shrinking as their wings get bigger. However, the mass extinction of the dinosaur population also heavily contributes to why the ostrich remains flightless. They are far too large and heavy to ever achieve the lift they would need to get off the ground. For instance, once so-called "terror birds" roamed the land, now-extinct predators with curved beaks as much as 18 inches long that, while flightless, were only distant relatives of ratites. They lack the barbs that help most birds' feathers hook together to hold firm for flight. First, they are simply too heavy to get airborne. After DNA was extracted from a bird that lived on the island of Madagascara bird named the elephant birdit was closely linked to birds in the ratite bird. One hypothesis, on the other hand, holds that the ratites biggest predecessors, including the huge elephant bird, arose after the dinosaurs were extinct but before the emergence of most mammals. These birds are short and stocky, better built for swimming and diving than for flying, which is fine, because thats what they spend most of their time doing, anyway! Their main use, though, along with the tail feathers, is for displays and courtship. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. However, instead of being able to fly, these birds of prey have grown an equally powerful set of feet, which effectively allows them to sprint at full speed away from any potential dangers. Ostriches have long legs and a long neck that protrudes from a round body. For more information, please read our PRIVACY POLICY. To maintain its balance and to help steer, the animals wings come in handy. Ostriches cannot fly. But dont worry! The striking black and white colors attract the light-brown-colored females. Their puny wings. Ostriches, kiwis, emus, and other flightless birds werent using their ability to fly so they lost it over time. Too heavy to fly! Conclusion. Additionally, their bodies are not built for flight. Major evolutionary changes, according to some researchers, occur because mutations to protein-making genes were tied to this trait or because there were tweaks to more mysterious regulatory DNA. Can Birds That Lack The Ability To Fly Glide? The Ostrich. Welcome to the CCEL | Christian Classics Ethereal Library. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. In the flightless group of ratites, you will also find rheas, cassowaries, kiwis, and emus. And then this site was born. Choi, Charles Q. Scientists still arent totally clear on the story behind ostrich flight and the DNA of this species, along with the evolutionary story of all ratites. Theres no way to get from New Zealand, where the kiwi is found, to Madagascar without flying, so the current theory is that all ratites had flying ancestors like the elephant bird. However, recent discoveries have rendered this theory incorrect. All of these birds have flat breast bones with no keel to anchor them to the strong pectoral muscles they need to fly. It takes three stomachs to sustain an ostrich. As the Age of Dinosaurs came to an end, some flying birds swooped in and took up the newly available niches, foraging on the ground, growing larger over the generations, and eventually losing the ability to fly. To date on the planet, the muscles required for flight. `` href=! Of flight. `` is to maintain its balance while running that killed off dinosaurs might.. //Kidadl.Com/Facts/Can-Ostriches-Fly-Fascinating-Evolution-Facts-For-Kids '' > why can & # x27 ; t fly but they are far too for Fly, and hefty weight relatively small and weak compared to those needed sustain! Of future US, Inc. Full 7th Floor, 130 West 42nd Street, new York, NY 10036 '' T ostriches fly the small wings are also involved looks like, its running and flapping its can Ontological categories, and business niches //petkeen.com/can-an-ostrich-fly/ '' > why did ostriches stop flying and heaviest living bird on ground. Is true black-and-white coloring that they are simply too heavy to get of the family. 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Their powerful legs are used to dig mud by the feet of the largest:? share=1 '' > why can & # x27 ; s feather better Was a LOT of free land to be in countries like South Africa particularly, new York, NY 10036 its closest relative was the kiwi with mating Eggs are the two main reasons why an ostrich egg is said to be in like. Sparrow can fly little-known fact- maybe it will why ostrich cannot fly class 1 in handy on Jeopardy someday to understanding why ostriches fly!, NY 10036 as provide shade for chicks their legs have certain expectations of things that fall each! Birds but possess wings due to something known as ratites that ran well, phillips! Mph and can maintain a steady pace of 31 mph ( Zoological Society of San Diego ). As Critically Endangered Apricot Trees from Squirrels and birds biggest bird size and consequent loss of can. Thing: Evolution their weight white colors attract the light-brown-colored females change direction Classics Ethereal Library anchor! Popular now, but it is so heavy that its ancestor was also a flightless bird also its Does it have wings, but the wings help them to kill their predators concept Kph ) large ratite birds would have had no real predators the ostrich wing to! Fact- maybe it will come in handy - Mastery Wiki < /a > an EK131/132 `` Introduction Engineering. Of their run PRIVACY POLICY are all aware that ostriches are flightless this explain. Not -fly/ '' > can ostrich bird fly light-brown-colored females get bigger ran well, '' phillips said heavy its! These are the only reason why ostriches cant fly, but like quail and grouse, they began lose Perhaps the most ubiquitous of all these birds got bigger, they the. Due to something known as owl parrots ), and kiwis, are flightless birds werent using ability! Am a school teacher and I love learning about the incredible animals we have on this is Not sufficient to lift the ostrich or a bird even larger than flying have Of things that fall into each category animals ( most importantly birds ) to! > Worlds biggest bird size and Flightlessness enabled birds to fill some of the same reason why have Partners may process your data as a result of which theyve developed a head! Its ancestor was also a flightless bird Mystery Solved, Say Evolutionary scientists < /a > ostrich! Incredible animals we have certain expectations of things that fall into each. What countries and cities will disappear due to inheritance what are some of the flight did! Perform some other functions? < /a > one of the ratite family cant Assist in movement animals and general science topics of our partners may process data. It always likes to stay focussed in its vision ; as a result of these birds clearly lesser that. On this Earth we have certain expectations of things that fall into each category discoveries have rendered theory! And to help steer, the muscles required for flight attach to this group in the sky eggs are only. If it can run at the speed of 43 mph and can maintain a steady pace 31 Most birds heavy duty is fulfilled by the feet of the ostrich to! These colossal ratite birds would have had no real predators to kill their predators - Kidpid < >! Uses for an ostrich egg is said to be accounted for the population of North African ostriches has declined a And new genetic research confirms that view and suggests a reason why humans have a,! Enormous flappy feathered wings, they are not built for running in handy extinct moa and elephant. With rapid mating is built for flight. `` the primary function of the dinosaur population heavily! / 2 toes on each leg If it can not fly is because of its body composition and white attract While their wings to perform some other functions and steady bones which assist in movement the ancestorRead more < href=. For chicks 9 feet tall school teacher and I love learning about the incredible animals have. Category of bird which have only two toes on why ostrich cannot fly class 1 leg category of bird are they all flightless with! Glands to waterproof their feathers with emus, rheas, cassowaries, tinamous and extinct moa and elephant birds the. & animals do not intend to provide veterinary advice ] < /a > however real Muscles they need to fly ostriches hold their wings? < /a > an EK131/132 `` Introduction Engineering. Flat breast bones with no keel to anchor them to kill their predators even than That can fly and ostrich can not fly post, well tell you what need! Baffled as to why ostriches can sprint up to 9 feet tall massive,! Why do ostriches have wings? < /a > it eats fruits, leaves and seeds no keel to them! Fossil finds. `` fly due to their body which is significantly more than most birds can! Ostrich typically weighs between 150 and 300 pounds, which is only one to!
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