Approximately 97 Pakistani tanks were destroyed or abandoned, with only 32 Indian tanks destroyed or damaged. [100] The bulk of India's tank fleet were older M4 Sherman tanks; some were up-gunned with the French high velocity CN 75 50 guns and could hold their own, whilst some older models were still equipped with the inferior 75 mm M3 L/40 gun. Offensive counterintelligence operations undertaken by the United States include recruiting foreign intelligence agents, monitoring suspected foreign agents, and collecting information on the intentions of foreign intelligence services, while defensive counterintelligence operations include investigating suspected cases of espionage and producing analyses of foreign intelligence threats. Malik.[101]. Being "a high level interceptor designed to neutralise Soviet strategic bombers in altitudes above 40,000 feet," rather than engage in dogfights with agile fighters at low altitudes, it was "unsuited to the tactical environment of the region". Tropical rainforests stretch across much of southern Asia and coniferous and deciduous forests lie farther north. "[158] In one view mentioned by the U.S. State Department, democracy is also good for business. Bardach, Ann Louis; Rohter, Larry (July 13, 1998). [473], In the 18th and early 19th centuries, American art and literature took most of their cues from Europe, contributing to Western culture. The Monroe Doctrine has historically made up the foreign policy of the United States in regard to Latin America. The remainder of the cavalry units were equipped with M4 Shermans and a small number of M3A3 Stuart light tanks. The thrust against Lahore consisted of the 1st Infantry Division supported by the three tank regiments of the 2nd Independent Armoured Brigade; they quickly advanced across the border, reaching the Ichhogil (BRB) Canal by 6 September. Note 1: The geometric mean is the middle of the quoted range, taken by multiplying together the endpoints and then taking the square root. What a bloody end to Obama's reign", In Cold War, U.S. Spy Agencies Used 1,000 Nazis, The Nazis Next Door: Eric Lichtblau on How the CIA & FBI Secretly Sheltered Nazi War Criminals, "Review: The Tragedy of American Isolationism", "US Dept of State - Democracy Dialogues: Why Democracy Matters to Business", "Leaked Cables Offer Raw Look at U.S. [441], American public education is operated by state and local governments and regulated by the United States Department of Education through restrictions on federal grants. "[97], Studies have been devoted to the historical success rate of the U.S. in exporting democracy abroad. [341] On February 2, 2022, the United States had a national debt of $30 trillion. Ranked 1st. [62][63], In the early days of colonization, many European settlers experienced food shortages, disease, and conflicts with Native Americans, such as in King Philip's War. Indian military intelligence gave no warning of the impending Pakistan invasion. With the Union's victory and preservation, slavery was abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment. The four major broadcast television networks are all commercial entities. Professor of Political Science Michael Stohl cites the examples that include the German bombing of London, the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor, the Allied firebombing of Dresden, and the U.S. atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II. In 1919, President Woodrow Wilson took a leading diplomatic role at the Paris Peace Conference and advocated strongly for the U.S. to join the League of Nations. Who Knows? New York, often called New York City (NYC), is the most populous city in the United States 2), New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the United States. The Kashmiri people, however, did not revolt. [49], United States foreign policy is influenced by the efforts of the U.S. government to control imports of illicit drugs, including cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, and cannabis. Japan has won the most Nobel Prizes of any Asian nation with 24 followed by India which has won 13. These records are administrative and do not include poetry. [160][161] The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 ended the Cold War,[162][163][164] ensuring a global unipolarity[165] in which the U.S. was unchallenged as the world's dominant superpower. [citation needed] The British insisted on administering the colonies through a Parliament that did not have a single representative responsible for any American constituency, and the conflict escalated into war. [130][131] The United States emerged relatively unscathed from the war, and with even greater economic and military influence. [221] However, Pakistani journalists, including Taha Siddiqui[222] and Haseeb Asif[223] have criticized the celebration of Defence Day. [159] Leaked cables in 2010 suggested that the "dark shadow of terrorism still dominates the United States' relations with the world".[160]. [225], As of 2020, the U.S. ranked 24th among nations in the Environmental Performance Index. 81% of U.S. imports from this region were petroleum products. They were a smaller and more radical offshoot of the Zealots which was active in Judaea Province at the beginning of the 1st century AD, and they can be considered early terrorists, although this is disputed. [170] In response, President George W. Bush launched the War on Terror, which included a nearly 20-year war in Afghanistan from 2001 to 2021 and the 20032011 Iraq War. Democratically governed nations are more likely to secure the peace, deter aggression, expand open markets, promote economic development, protect American citizens, combat international terrorism and crime, uphold human and worker rights, avoid humanitarian crises and refugee flows, improve the global environment, and protect human health. As a result, the United States requested a temporary ceasefire to allow it to evacuate its citizens in Lahore. Levinson, David, and Karen Christensen, eds. [189] He also criticized Russia's law discriminating against gays,[190] joining other western leaders in the boycott of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Russia. [434] The U.S., however, is a global leader in medical innovation. [316][328] Several countries use it as their official currency and in others it is the de facto currency. Many traditional songs have been sung within the same family or folk group for generations, and sometimes trace back to such origins as the British Isles, Mainland Europe, or Africa. Experts and other long-established scholars in the field are equally incapable of reaching a consensus. [136], International opinion about the US has often changed with different executive administrations. As a melting pot of cultures and ethnicities, the U.S. has been shaped by centuries of immigration. Richard Russell, "American Diplomatic Realism: A Tradition Practised and Preached by George F. Kennan". This ideology will also allow the terrorists to place the blame on the victim, who is viewed as being responsible for the violence in the first place.[185][186]. Robertson, John M., "A Short History of Christianity" (1902) p.278. [95] Saint Thomas Christians in India trace their origins to the evangelistic activity of Thomas the Apostle in the 1st century. [33] This draft of the document did not surface until June21, 1776, and it is unclear whether it was written before or after Dickinson used the term in his June 17 draft of the Articles of Confederation. On 10 October, a B-57 Canberra on loan to the PAF was damaged by 3 SA-2 missiles fired from the IAF base at Ambala. India had only a single armoured division, the 1st 'Black Elephant' Armoured Division, which consisted of the 17th Horse (The Poona Horse), also called 'Fakhr-i-Hind' ('Pride of India'), the 4th Horse (Hodson's Horse), the 16th Cavalry, the 7th Light Cavalry, the 2nd Lancers, the 18th Cavalry and the 62nd Cavalry, the two first named being equipped with Centurions. According to the U.S. State Department, "Democracy is the one national interest that helps to secure all the others. Although the two forces had previously faced off in the First Kashmir War during the late 1940s, that engagement was very limited in scale compared to the 1965 conflict. [442] Of Americans 25 and older, 84.6% graduated from high school, 52.6% attended some college, 27.2% earned a bachelor's degree, and 9.6% earned graduate degrees. The term "terrorism" itself was originally used to describe the actions of the Jacobin Club during the "Reign of Terror" in the French Revolution. [57][58] More recently, Ronald Reagan and others in the American administration frequently called the mujaheddin "freedom fighters" during the SovietAfghan War,[59] however twenty years later, when a new generation of Afghan men (militant groups like the Taliban and allies) were fighting against what they perceive to be a regime installed by foreign powers, their attacks were labelled terrorism by George W. [355] In 2011, 16.7million children lived in food-insecure households, about 35% more than 2007 levels, though only 845,000 U.S. children (1.1%) saw reduced food intake or disrupted eating patterns at some point during the year, and most cases were not chronic. A few copies of the book have survived. [171] Well before the conflict began, however, Britain and the United States had suspected Pakistan of joining both alliances out of opportunism to acquire advanced weapons for a war against India. Routledge: New York. [148][149] But Wars Go On", "Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor", "Supporting Human Rights and Democracy: The U.S. Record", "About the National Endowment for Democracy", The United States Should Ratify The Law Of The Sea Convention, "Why won't America ratify the UN convention on children's rights? The department's stated mission is to "protect and promote U.S. security, prosperity, and democratic values and shape an international environment in which all Americans can thrive. Hesione), but that the Lydians say it was named after Asies, son of Cotys, who passed the name on to a tribe at Sardis. 0:20. [84], Arguably the first organization to utilize modern terrorist techniques was the Irish Republican Brotherhood,[85] founded in 1858 as a revolutionary Irish nationalist group[86] that carried out attacks in England. [143] Their competition to achieve superior spaceflight capability led to the Space Race, which culminated in the U.S. becoming the first nation to land people on the Moon in 1969. Hotei Publishing: Leiden. [148] President Lyndon B. Johnson initiated legislation that led to a series of policies addressing poverty and racial inequalities, in what he termed the "Great Society". The threefold division of the Old World into Europe, Asia and Africa has been in use since the 6th century BC, due to Greek geographers such as Anaximander and Hecataeus. ", "During the 1970s and 1980s, the number of American client states practicing mass-murderous politics exceeded those of the Soviets.". They were used in trades, such as cloth-making, and usually came with children. The territories are administrative divisions of the federal government. China's repeated threats to intervene in the conflict in support of Pakistan increased pressure on the government to take an immediate decision to develop nuclear weapons. Ankony, Robert C., "A New Strategy for America's War on Terrorism", The researchers found 648 terrorist groups active between 1968 and 2006. Violence done by those higher on the hierarchy to those lower is nearly always invisible, that is, unnoticed. Questia. The Task Force defines terrorism as "a tactic or technique by means of which a violent act or the threat thereof is used for the prime purpose of creating overwhelming fear for coercive purposes". [293][294][295] The military operates about 800 bases and facilities abroad,[296] and maintains deployments greater than 100 active duty personnel in 25 foreign countries. Marital Status of the Population 15 Years Old and Over, by Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin: 1950 to Present", "U.S. has world's highest rate of children living in single-parent households", "Table 52. Many of the world's major religions have their origins in Asia, including the five most practiced in the world (excluding irreligion), which are Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Chinese folk religion (classified as Confucianism and Taoism), and Buddhism respectively. ", "Map shows where President Barack Obama dropped his 20,000 bombs", "America dropped 26,171 bombs in 2016. Entry of the group into a legitimate political process. [324] Americans have the highest average household and employee income among OECD member states. [239] In 2021, the U.S. ranked 26th on the Democracy Index, and is described as a "flawed democracy". For instance, some branches of the United States government refused to label members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) as terrorists while the IRA was using methods against one of the United States' closest allies (the United Kingdom) that the UK branded as terrorism. They had therefore limited their military aid to Pakistan to maintain the existing balance of power in the subcontinent. Terrorism, in its broadest sense, is the use of criminal violence to provoke a state of terror, mostly with the intention to achieve political or religious aims. Their brief was simple. Economic growth in Asia since World War II to the 1990s had been concentrated in Japan as well as the four regions of South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore located in the Pacific Rim, known as the Asian tigers, which have now all received developed country status, having the highest GDP per capita in Asia.[68]. [67] In 1995, Japan's economy nearly equaled that of the US as the largest economy in the world for a day, after the Japanese currency reached a record high of 79 yen/US$. John of Salisbury was the first medieval Christian scholar to defend tyrannicide. After India breached the Madhupur canal on 11 September, the Khem Karan counter-offensive was halted, affecting Pakistan's strategy substantially. According to J. Dana Stuster, writing in Foreign Policy, there are seven "confirmed cases" where the U.S.acting principally through the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), but sometimes with the support of other parts of the U.S. government, including the Navy and State Departmentcovertly assisted in the overthrow of a foreign government: Iran in 1953, Guatemala in 1954, Congo in 1960, the Dominican Republic in 1961, South Vietnam in 1963, Brazil in 1964, and Chile in 1973. Japan and South Korea continue to dominate in the area of multinational corporations, but increasingly the PRC and India are making significant inroads. The War Powers Resolution of 1973 limited the ability of the president to use the military without Congressional authorization. [134], United States foreign policy has been the subject of debate, receiving praise and criticism domestically and abroad. Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for "his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China" on 8 October 2010. Terrorist groups, Multinational Joint Task Force vs. Boko Haram, Syrian Arab Republic vs. Republic of Syria vs. ISIL vs. Syrian Democratic Forces, Syrian Democratic Forces vs. Islamic States of Iraq and Levant vs. al-Nusra Front, Yemen's Supreme Political Council vs. Hadi Government, Saudi-led Coalition and the UAE-backed Southern Movement vs Al-Qaeda. Other recent very-high-growth nations in Asia include Israel, Malaysia, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Thailand, Vietnam, and the Philippines, and mineral-rich nations such as Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Iran, Brunei, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and Oman. [140], At home, the U.S. had experienced sustained economic expansion, urbanization, and a rapid growth of its population and middle class following World War II. [145][146] In 1959, the United States admitted Alaska and Hawaii to become the 49th and 50th states, formally expanding beyond the contiguous United States. According to Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army General Muhammad Musa, about 135 commandos were airdropped at three Indian airfields (Halwara, Pathankot and Adampur). As of 2021, about 173,000 troops are deployed in 159 countries. [136][137], After World War II, the United States financed and implemented the Marshall Plan to help rebuild western Europe; disbursements paid between 1948 and 1952 would total $13 billion ($115 billion in 2021). The Indian prime minister, Lal Bahadur Shastri, was hailed as a national hero in India. McDuffie, Jerome; Piggrem, Gary Wayne; Woodworth, Steven E. (2005). Terrorism thus shocks the population of a modern state far more than a pre-modern one and consequently the state is forced to overreact in an excessive, costly and spectacular manner, which is often what the terrorists desire. "Suffering and death were widespread, nevertheless, and a fair estimate of war-related civilian deaths might total 50,000". [80], With growing Regional Tourism with domination of Chinese visitors, MasterCard has released Global Destination Cities Index 2013 with 10 of 20 are dominated by Asia and Pacific Region Cities and also for the first time a city of a country from Asia (Bangkok) set in the top-ranked with 15.98 million international visitors. [257], The United States has an established structure of foreign relations, and it had the world's second-largest diplomatic corps in 2019. The 20th century was marked by two world wars in which Allied powers, along with the United States, defeated their enemies, and through this participation the United States increased its international reputation. The boundary between Asia and Africa is the Red Sea, the Gulf of Suez, and the Suez Canal. Also important was the role of rarely transparent United States government agencies, who sometimes mislead or did not fully implement the decisions of elected civilian leaders. [7], In addition to treaties, the president can also make executive agreements. Power blackouts hit Ukraine amid heavy Russian shelling. p. 270. At that point, even a relatively modest or inefficient missile defense system might well be enough to protect against any retaliatory strikes. [203] Active volcanoes are common throughout Alaska's Alexander and Aleutian Islands, and Hawaii consists of volcanic islands. The United States is a founding member of NATO, an alliance of 29 North American and European nations formed to defend Western Europe against the Soviet Union during the Cold War. [81], East Asia had by far the strongest overall Human Development Index (HDI) improvement of any region in the world, nearly doubling average HDI attainment over the past 40 years, according to the report's analysis of health, education and income data. The District of Columbia is a federal district that contains the capital of the United States, the city of Washington. Hindu festival celebrated by Singapore's Tamil community, Bar mitzvah at the Western Wall in Jerusalem, Catholic procession of the Black Nazarene in Manila, Druze dignitaries celebrating the Ziyarat al-Nabi Shu'ayb festival at the tomb of the prophet in Hittin, Christian Armenians praying at the Etchmiadzin Cathedral in Vagharshapat, Muslim men praying at the Ortaky Mosque in Istanbul, Buddhist Monks performing traditional Sand mandala made from coloured sand. Any reader can search newspapers.com by registering. Instead of the loans given to allies in World War I, the United States provided Lend-Lease grants of $50,000,000,000. [140], Empirical studies (see democide) have found that democracies, including the United States, have killed much fewer civilians than dictatorships. The United States notably does not participate in various international agreements adhered to by almost all other industrialized countries, by almost all the countries of the Americas, or by almost all other countries in the world. Note: the identity of a single "war" cannot be reliably given in some cases, and some "wars" can be taken to last over more than a human lifetime, e.g. "[475] Thirteen U.S. citizens have won the Nobel Prize in Literature. Defeat and elimination through brute force. ", Section 502B of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended in 1978: "No security assistance may be provided to any country the government of which engages in a consistent pattern of gross violations of internationally recognized human rights. [284] The United States spent $649 billion on its military in 2019, 36% of global military spending. [139][140] Historian William Cleveland stated many Jews justified any action, even terrorism, taken in the cause of the creation of a Jewish state. If states abused their power, they should be judged against international conventions dealing with war crimes, international human rights law, and international humanitarian law. [249], Each of the 50 states holds jurisdiction over a geographic territory, where it shares sovereignty with the federal government. This village was recaptured by Indian troops on 25 December. Stuster states that this list excludes "U.S.-supported insurgencies and failed assassination attempts" such as those directed against Cuba's Fidel Castro, as well as instances where U.S. involvement has been alleged but not proven (such as Syria in 1949). [130][131], The failed 1961 CIA Bay of Pigs Invasion in Cuba was an attempt by the U.S. government to overthrow a regime. [99][100] Other studies find U.S. intervention has had mixed results,[98] and another by Hermann and Kegley has found that military interventions have improved democracy in other countries. These agreements also generally allow citizens of these countries to live and work in the United States with their spouses (and vice versa), and provide for largely free trade. For example, in the ChechenRussian conflict secular Chechens using terrorist tactics fighting for national independence are allied with radical Islamist terrorists who have arrived from other countries.[108]. [256] Indian reservations are usually contained within one state, but there are 12 reservations that cross state boundaries. Civilian deaths create an extended family of enemiesnew insurgent recruits or informantsand erode support of the host nation." Pakistan claimed that Indians lost 120 tanks at Chawinda. [525] Marketing by U.S. industries is largely responsible for making orange juice and milk standard breakfast beverages. Online links: The United States and Right-Wing Dictatorships, 19651989. [38] The international community has adopted a series of sectoral conventions that define and criminalize various types of terrorist activities. House seats are apportioned among the states by population. Pakistan was forced to dedicate troops to the southern sector to protect Sialkot and Lahore instead using them to support penetrating into Kashmir. The history of Asia can be seen as the distinct histories of several peripheral coastal regions: East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia and the Middle East, linked by the interior mass of the Central Asian steppes. [56] The department makes a distinction between alliances, which are formal military agreements between countries through a treaty, and strategic partnerships, which are military cooperation agreements that aren't bound by specific terms. The Eurasia Group Foundation reported that as of 2021, 85% of respondents from 10 countries have a favorable opinion of the United States and 81% favor American hegemony over Chinese hegemony. 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